Murakaza neza kubikoresho bya siporo mubushinwa. Dore urutonde rwinama 13 zambere mbere yuko Ubushinwa butumiza ibikoresho byimikino-Ntugure mbere yo gusoma ibi!
1. Amafaranga yo gutumiza mu mahanga
Uzakenera kumenya amafaranga yose uzakenera kwishyura mbere yuko utumiza hamwe nisosiyete yo hanze. Ibi bikoresho bya siporo bitumizwa mu mahanga bishobora kubamo:
Uzakenera byanze bikunze kumenya igiciro cyukuri cya gasutamo kubicuruzwa ushaka gutumiza kugirango umenye amafaranga uzakenera kwishyura mumisoro ya gasutamo. Uzakenera kandi gutanga igihugu cyaturutse kubicuruzwa nagaciro (usibye kohereza) kugirango ubare amafaranga akwiye kwishyurwa.
Mu gusoza, niba ucuruza kwisi yose, igiciro cyubutaka nikintu cyingenzi mukubara ibiciro byoherezwa. Igiciro cyagabanutse nigiciro rusange cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa kwisi yose, harimo igiciro cyubuguzi, amafaranga yo gutwara, guhindura amafaranga, amahoro, nibindi biciro byose bifitanye isano. Kuberako ibintu byose bitandukanye bihinduka, igiciro cyubutaka kirashobora kugorana kumenya, aricyo ukeneye kubona inyungu nyayo yibicuruzwa byawe.
Umaze kugira igitekerezo cyibiciro byanyuma byamanutse byikintu, uzashobora kugenzura niba gutumiza mu mahanga bizaba amahitamo ahendutse kubucuruzi bwawe bwa siporo. Hano hari amafaranga menshi yinyongera uzakenera kwishyura, hejuru yikiguzi hejuru yikiguzi kiva muruganda mumahanga, kandi birashobora kwiyongera. Uzashaka gushobora kubona inyungu zifatika kubushoramari nyuma yibi biciro byose byafashwe.
Nibyiza ko ubona umucungamari wawe, umujyanama wubucuruzi cyangwa umuhuza wa gasutamo kunyura mumibare yawe kugirango umenye neza ko wabaze amafaranga yose ushobora kuba ufite.
2. Kubara Imisoro n'Imisoro
Ijambo ryimisoro yatumijwe mu mahanga
Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi (ICC) Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi nijambo rikoreshwa cyane mu kwerekana ibiciro cyangwa ibibazo bijyanye n’ingaruka zijyanye no gutambutsa ibicuruzwa. Byakoreshejwe cyane mugihe wasinyanye amasezerano ni:
Iyo byoherejwe munsi ya EXW, utanga isoko ashinzwe gutuma ibicuruzwa biboneka kandi byiteguye koherezwa mugihe bivuye muruganda. Uwitwaye cyangwa utwara ibicuruzwa ashinzwe kohereza ibicuruzwa bivuye mu kwakira umutungo hanze y'uruganda kugeza aho byatangiriye.
Iyo byoherejwe munsi ya FOB, utanga ibicuruzwa ashinzwe kohereza ibicuruzwa ku cyambu cyo gupakira no ku bwato. Kuri iyi ngingo, inshingano zoherezwa kubohereza ibicuruzwa kugeza aho bigeze.
Iyo byoherejwe munsi ya CIF, umwikorezi yita ku bwishingizi bwo gutwara no gutwara abantu ku cyambu cyahageze.
Mu Bushinwa, Umuryango w’ubwikorezi bwo mu nyanja uratoranya cyane. Muri rusange, incoterms enye zisanzwe iyo zoherejwe mubushinwa ni EXW; FOB; CFR na CIF. Kugirango umenye igiciro ninshingano za buri shyaka rifite uruhare mubyoherezwa mumahanga ni ngombwa kumva icyo incoterm aricyo.
FOB cyangwa CIF?
Ibyinshi mubyoherejwe mubushinwa byoherezwa munsi ya incoterms imwe, ari EXW cyangwa FOB muri rusange. FOB irashimwa cyane mugihe habaye umubano wa hafi hagati yabatanga nisosiyete zitwara abantu baho bafite ubushake bwo gukora igice cyambere cyibikorwa byoherezwa (kuva mububiko cyangwa uruganda kugeza POL). Iyi mibanire irambye hagati yabatanga nabasosiyete baho ituma ibiciro birushanwe cyane. Kubera iyo mpamvu, iki gice cyubwikorezi gikemurwa na sisitemu nabatanga ibicuruzwa mubushinwa.
Ugomba guhitamo incoterms nka EXW cyangwa FOB, aho (hafi) ibyoherejwe byose bizakorwa kandi bigenzurwe nitsinda ryinzobere zabigenewe.
Izi incoterms zombi ziza hamwe no gutoragura uruganda / ububiko (EXW) cyangwa ku cyambu cyo kugenda (FOB), bikubohora inshingano zikomeye mugihe cyo gutwara abantu.
3. Kubara Imisoro
Umubare w’imisoro yatumijwe mu mahanga n’amahoro ya gasutamo yishyurwa ubarwa ukurikije igiciro cyangwa agaciro k’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga, byitwa Duty Paying Value (DPV) kandi bigenwa hashingiwe ku giciro cyacurujwe cy’ibicuruzwa. Ibi bikubiyemo amafaranga ajyanye no gutwara abantu hamwe n’amafaranga y’ubwishingizi ku bicuruzwa mbere yo gupakurura ku cyambu cyo kugera ku cyambu cyawe.
Imisoro, nka TVA cyangwa CT, ntabwo yashyizwe mu kugena DPV. Irindi jambo rifite akamaro ni Igiteranyo Cyisuzumabumenyi (CAP), kikaba ari ihuriro rya DPV, amahoro yatumijwe, na CT niba bishoboka.
Inzira zikurikira zerekana uburyo DPV na CAP zibarwa:
DPV = Igiciro cyibicuruzwa + Igiciro cyo gutwara + Ubwishingizi bw'imizigo
Umusoro ku bicuruzwa = DPV x Igipimo cyibiciro
CAP = DPV + Ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga = DPV x (1 + igipimo cy'amahoro)
Umusoro ku nyongeragaciro = CAP x Igipimo cy'umusoro
Kugira ngo tubyerekane, tuvuge ko isosiyete yo muri Amerika itumiza imashini muri Ntaifitness kandi yasinyanye amasezerano ukurikije ibiciro bya FOB. Kubwibyo, ibiciro byose byo kohereza nubwishingizi byishyurwa numuguzi wa USA.
Ibi bivuze ko ibikoresho byubucuruzi byubucuruzi byingenzi byibanze ni ugupakira imashini (ibicuruzwa) mubwato bwateguwe numuguzi wa USA no gukuraho ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo yiteguye koherezwa hanze.
Ni ayahe mategeko ya Incoterms?
Amategeko ya ICC's Incoterms ni ingingo zingenzi ku isi mu bucuruzi bwo kugurisha ibicuruzwa. Waba utanga itegeko ryo kugura, gupakira no gushyiramo ibicuruzwa byo gutwara ibicuruzwa, cyangwa gutegura icyemezo cyaturutse ku cyambu, amategeko ya Incoterms arahari kugirango akuyobore. Amategeko ya Incoterms atanga ubuyobozi bwihariye kubantu bitabira kwinjiza no kohereza ibicuruzwa ku isi buri munsi.
Incoterms igereranya iki?
Incoterms ni impfunyapfunyo ihagaze kumagambo rusange yubucuruzi. Incoterms ni ikirango cy’Urugaga mpuzamahanga rw’ubucuruzi, rwanditswe mu bihugu byinshi. Amategeko ya Incoterms agaragaza impfunyapfunyo yimiterere, nka FOB ( 'Ubuntu ku Kibaho '), DAP ( 'Yatanzwe Ahantu ') EXW ( 'Ex Work '), CIP ( 'Ubwikorezi n'Ubwishingizi Bwishyuwe Kuri '), byose bifite ibisobanuro nyabyo byo kugurisha ibicuruzwa ku isi.
Inyandiko iheruka y'amategeko ya Incoterms ni Incoterms 2010.
Incoterms 2010 izakomeza gukurikizwa kubakoresha.
https://iccwbo.org/amakuru-kubera-ubucuruzi/incoterms-rules/incoterms-rules-2010/
4. Kohereza ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa: na Poste, Courier, Ikirere cyangwa Inyanja?
Serivise zitwara ibicuruzwa mu nyanja ziva mubushinwa: Uburyo buhendutse. Mugihe ubu buryo bushobora gufata igihe kirekire (iminsi 3-60 mugereranije ukurikije aho uherereye n'aho igana), ubu ni uburyo bwiza bwo kohereza kubantu bafite ibicuruzwa byinshi byoherezwa kandi birashobora rwose kuba amahitamo akomeye, yubukungu ukeka ko wihaye umwanya uhagije wo gutegereza ibyoherejwe.
Ubu ni bumwe mu buryo bukoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho kuko biroroshye kandi birashobora gutwara ibintu byinshi bitandukanye byoherejwe. Hamwe nubu buryo, uzakenera kandi kwita kuri gasutamo n’inyandiko, kandi ibicuruzwa byawe nibimara kugera ku cyambu, ugomba gushaka uburyo wabikura ku cyambu ukagera ku kigo cyawe cyangwa mu bubiko.
Ibicuruzwa binini, binini kandi biremereye cyane birasanzwe kuri ubu bwoko bwo kohereza.
Indege zitwara indege zifata iminsi mike gusa inzira yu Burayi na Aziya (urugero, iminsi 5-7 gusa kubushinwa-Ubwongereza inzu ku nzu) mugihe iki gihe cyo gutambuka kigera byibuze ukwezi kumwe ninyanja (iminsi 40-45 nubwikorezi bwo mu nyanja kubushinwa-Ubwongereza, inzu ku nzu).
5. Wakagombye gukoresha Imbere yo gutwara ibicuruzwa kugirango ucunge ibicuruzwa?
Hano haribintu byose byogutwara ibintu byakwishimira gusinywa nkubuyobozi bwawe bwo kohereza kugirango ibicuruzwa byawe bigere aho bihita.
Abatumiza mu mahanga benshi badafite ubunararibonye bazemerera uwatanze ibicuruzwa gucunga ibyoherezwa byose hanyuma ababwire aderesi yoherejwe hamwe nicyambu igomba kujyamo, hanyuma bizemerera uwabitanze kubimenya.
Ibyo birashobora kuba byiza cyangwa bibi. Nibyiza mubyukuri ko arikintu kimwe gito ukeneye guhangayikishwa, ariko gishobora kwangiza kuko ushobora kurangiza kwishyura amafaranga menshi kubyoherejwe.
Wowe ubwawe?
Amatsinda menshi manini yahisemo kwita kubikorwa byose byoherezwa imbere kugirango bagenzure neza inzira nigiciro cyanyuma cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa.
Mubisanzwe bazarangirira ahanditse umwanya windege hamwe nindege, amasosiyete atwara amakamyo, imirongo itwara ibicuruzwa, nibindi, kandi bakorana namatangazo ya gasutamo mubihugu bitumiza no kohereza hanze.
Ugomba gucunga ibyo byose wowe ubwawe birashobora kuba byinshi kubyitwaramo, cyane cyane niba utamenyereye imyitozo cyangwa inzira.
Urashobora rwose guhitamo ubu buryo; icyakora, gusa menya neza ko ufite inzira nziza kugirango ukurikirane gahunda yawe kandi ukemure ibintu byose bitunguranye biza.
Uzashaka kugenzura hamwe nabatwara kenshi kandi umenye ibibazo wabaza kugirango umenye aho ibyoherejwe biri naho bigana.
Niba hari ikibazo kivutse, uzakenera gukemura ikibazo hanyuma umenye icyo wakora kugirango ugabanye ingaruka bigira kubucuruzi bwawe cyangwa bije yawe.
Abantu benshi bamenya ko badafite umurongo mugari wo guhangana nibi byose ubwabo kandi bazi ko igihe cyabo gifite agaciro - kandi ibigo byinshi ntabwo bifite amikoro yo kugerageza kwikemurira byose.
6. Urugi rwo gutanga urugi rusobanura iki?
Urugi kugeza kumuryango nuburyo busanzwe kandi bworoshye bwo kohereza kubakiriya. Muri iki gihe, umukiriya nta gahunda zose zijyanye no kohereza ibicuruzwa biva mu nyanja. Dushinzwe inzira zose, duhereye kuri kontineri yipakurura binyuze mu kugeza ku cyambu no kugera aho tujya.
Serivisi ku nzu n'inzu ni serivisi zihererekanyabubasha zemerera gutwara ibicuruzwa byawe mu bubiko bwawe / mu ruganda / mu rugo kugera aho byumvikanyweho. Izi serivisi, nanone zitwa 'byose-muri ' ibisubizo byubwikorezi bizafasha buri mukiriya guha ibicuruzwa bye umunyamwuga kugirango byoherezwe neza kandi neza.
Nkigice cyiyi serivisi, uhitamo byombi aho byatoranijwe no kubitanga. Abakozi bashinzwe ibyohereje bita ku bicuruzwa byawe kuva mu ntangiriro kugeza ku iherezo, ukurikije ibyo usabwa n'ibyifuzo:
Hitamo aho uzaterera: uruganda rutanga ibicuruzwa, ububiko, icyambu cyangwa ikibuga cyindege mpuzamahanga.
Hitamo aho uheruka gutanga: ububiko bwawe, umukiriya wawe, cyangwa inzu yawe.
Izi serivisi zizana inzira zose zubuyobozi zubahiriza kubahiriza (gukuraho gasutamo nibindi) kandi bigushoboza kubona ibicuruzwa byawe bitanzwe namahoro yumutima.
Urugi kumuryango Serivisi Intambwe ku Ntambwe
1) Gutwara abantu kuva muruganda bajya mububiko
Kohereza ibicuruzwa mu ruganda rutanga ibicuruzwa mu bubiko bw'abatwara ibicuruzwa byitwa 'Kwohereza ibicuruzwa hanze '. Iyi ntambwe yambere muri rusange ikubiyemo gukoresha ikamyo imwe cyangwa nyinshi (birashoboka ko ari gari ya moshi), kandi mubisanzwe bifata iminsi mike bitewe nintera igomba kugenda.
Ishyaka rishinzwe ishyirahamwe ry’ibikoresho no kwishyura ubwikorezi bwoherezwa mu mahanga bizaterwa n’amasezerano hagati y’utanga isoko n’umuguzi. Niba amasezerano ateganya ko umuguzi ashinzwe kohereza, noneho umuguzi agomba gutegura uburyo bwo gutwara ibicuruzwa biva muruganda bijya aho byumvikanyweho.
Ku rundi ruhande, niba amasezerano ateganya ko umuguzi afata inshingano zo gutwara igice cya kabiri, uwayohereje azaba ashinzwe kohereza kuva kuri iyi ntambwe yambere.
2) Kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze
Gasutamo yoherezwa mu mahanga isabwa n'abayobozi b'igihugu bakomokamo kwandikisha imizigo yose ivuye ku butaka. Iyemezwa rya gasutamo rikorwa n’umukoresha wa gasutamo wemewe. Inyandiko itangaza neza buri kintu cyose kiri mubyoherejwe birakenewe, kimwe nizindi nyandiko zishyigikira ubuyobozi (urugero, impushya zo kohereza ibicuruzwa mubushinwa).
3) Gukemura inkomoko na serivisi
Gutunganya ibicuruzwa mbere yo kugenda bizana imirimo myinshi igomba gukorwa nuhereza ibicuruzwa cyangwa umukozi. Uhereza ibicuruzwa yakira ibicuruzwa nyuma yo gupakurura ikamyo kugirango igenzure neza ibyoherejwe. Imizigo izemerwa nyuma yo kugenzura ibipakirwa no kugenzura ibyangombwa byose byubuyobozi.
4) Gukorera ku cyambu / ikibuga cyindege
Iyo ibyoherejwe bimaze kwemerwa, bibikwa mu bubiko hanyuma bigashyirwa mu kintu kugira ngo bimurwe ku cyambu / ikibuga cy’indege cyumvikanyweho. Ibicuruzwa birashobora gupakirwa mubwato bumwe cyangwa bwinshi bitewe nubunini bwubuguzi. Niba amafaranga adahagije kugirango yuzuze agasanduku kose, kugura bizashyirwa mubintu bisangiwe hamwe nibicuruzwa biva mubandi bakiriya kugirango bagere ku cyambu kimwe cya nyuma. Nibyo twita kohereza LCL (munsi yumutwaro wa kontineri). Iminsi mike mbere yo kugenda, ibicuruzwa byinshi byapakiwe muri kontineri hanyuma bigatwarwa namakamyo ku cyambu / ikibuga cyindege. Agasanduku kegeranye hamwe nandi masanduku agomba gupakirwa ku cyombo kimwe.
5) Kwemeza gasutamo ukihagera
Abayobozi basaba ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga byinjira mu mahanga ku bicuruzwa byose byinjira mu gihugu. Iyi ntambwe igizwe no kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa nagaciro kabo kugirango hamenyekane umubare wamahoro yishyurwa (mugihe nta musoro).
Iyemezwa rya gasutamo rigizwe no kwerekana ibyangombwa byose bisabwa mubuyobozi bwa gasutamo kugirango imizigo irekurwe kandi ikomeze inzira. Igikorwa cyo gukuraho gasutamo gishobora no gutangira mbere yuko ibyoherezwa bigera aho bijya, kandi bigomba kurangira mbere yuko igura ryambuka inzitizi z’ubucuruzi mu gihugu.
Imizigo ifatwa nko kwinjira mu gihugu iyo yambutse umupaka ikava muri gasutamo (cyangwa zone mpuzamahanga). Uhereza ibicuruzwa, umukozi wacyo, cyangwa umunyamabanga wa gasutamo wabigenewe ashobora gukora gasutamo igihe cyose afite uruhushya rwemewe. Ushinzwe gukuraho gasutamo agomba kwakira ibyangombwa byose bisabwa kugirango inzira itangire.
Mubisanzwe, inzira irashobora gutangirwa hamwe na kopi ya skaneri yimpapuro, nubwo abayobozi bamwe bakeneye umwimerere mbere yuko barangiza neza inzira. Keretse niba DDP ya Incoterm ikoreshwa muboherejwe (gasutamo ya gasutamo), ni umuguzi inshingano yo gutegura no kwishyura ibicuruzwa byemewe. Akenshi, biroroshye kureka uwagutwaye ibicuruzwa cyangwa umukozi ukuraho ibicuruzwa byawe, mugihe bafite ibyangombwa byose bikenewe.
6) Gukemura aho ujya
Imirimo myinshi igomba kurangira iyo imizigo igeze aho igana. Itangira iyo ibicuruzwa byakiriwe, kandi ibyangombwa bigenzurwa numukozi uhari. Hanyuma, kontineri ikurwa mububiko bwabitswe ku cyambu ikajyanwa mu bubiko bwerekanwe, aho imizigo igenzurwa igatondekwa kugirango itangwe cyangwa ikusanyirizwe.
7) Gutanga aho ujya
Ihererekanyabubasha ry'imizigo riva mu bubiko kuri aderesi ya nyir'ubwite ryashyizweho nka 'aho ugana cyangwa gutumiza mu mahanga '. Ikamyo imwe cyangwa nyinshi (rimwe na rimwe ndetse na gari ya moshi) yahawe akazi ko gutwara ibicuruzwa mu bubiko. Iyi ntambwe irashobora gufata iminsi mike, bitewe nintera.
Muri serivisi ku nzu n'inzu, ubwikorezi bukorwa na nyirubwite wita kubitangwa bwa nyuma. Umukiriya arashobora kandi gufata ibicuruzwa mububiko bwabatwara ibicuruzwa hanyuma agakora ibicuruzwa byanyuma wenyine. Mubisanzwe, abantu / ibigo bikorera ku ngengo yimishinga ihitamo iki gisubizo, gihendutse.
7. Amafaranga yo kohereza avuye mu Bushinwa angahe?
Ibiciro byo kohereza bivana ninkomoko, aho bigana, serivisi, uburemere bwipaki, nibindi bitekerezo.
Hamwe nubunini bwa paki yawe, ibintu byuburemere cyane mubiciro byo kohereza. Ibikoresho biremereye bisaba amafaranga menshi kubyoherezwa.
Ingano yipaki nikintu gikomeye kigena igipimo cyo kohereza. Nkibisanzwe, binini binini, niko bisaba kohereza.
Kugirango uhuze neza ibyo buri mukiriya akeneye, itandukaniro ryibiciro na serivisi birahari. Muri ubu buryo, urashobora guhitamo hagati yuburyo bubiri bwerekeye ibicuruzwa byo mu nyanja:
Umutwaro wuzuye (FCL)
itanga ubwoko bubiri bwibikoresho byuzuye:
Metero 20, ifite imbere imbere ya metero kibe 33
Cyangwa metero 40, zishobora gutwara metero kibe 66.
Iki gisubizo cyerekana uburyo bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa byizewe kandi byizewe, kuko kontineri yawe izashyirwaho kashe kuva ugenda ugana aderesi ya nyuma.
Ntabwo munsi yumutwaro wa kontineri (LCL)
Ihitamo rirahenze cyane kubunini buke, kuko igice kimwe gusa cya kontineri kizakoreshwa mugutwara ibicuruzwa byawe. Iki gisubizo kigufasha kugabanya ibiciro byo kohereza. Ibicuruzwa byawe bipakiye mu gasanduku hamwe n’abandi bakiriya, kandi uzarangiza kwishyura gusa umwanya ukeneye.
LCL irasabwa kubunini hagati ya 0-15m3. Ariko, irashobora gutandukana bitewe nicyambu cyo kugenda.
8. Igihe cyo Gutanga kingana iki?
Nigute amatariki yo kohereza no gutanga abarwa? Itariki yo gutanga irashobora kutaboneka muri iryo dirishya ryigihe kubera impinduka mububiko cyangwa ubushobozi bwo gutanga mbere yuko utumiza.
Birashobora kuba ikintu cyose hagati yiminsi 12 na 60, byose ukurikije igihugu urimo kohereza nuburyo bwo kohereza. Ibicuruzwa byawe bizatangwa mugihe cyiminsi 60 yakazi. Dutunganya kandi twohereza ibicuruzwa byawe muburyo buhendutse bushoboka kugirango dushobore kuguha amafaranga yo kuzigama muburyo bwo kohereza kubuntu.
Niba utuye mu gace karimo gutinda kwa serivisi utunguranye (ikirere gikabije, impanuka kamere, ibintu bitateganijwe, nibindi), nyamuneka ongera byibuze iminsi 2 kugeza kuri 3 yakazi kumunsi uteganijwe gutangwa.
Igihe cyo gutambuka kibarwa ukoresheje iminsi yakazi, bivuze ko kuwa gatandatu no kucyumweru utabaruye igihe cyo gutambuka. Ibiruhuko nabyo byitabwaho mugihe cyo kubara igihe cyo gutambuka.
Mubisanzwe, ariko, niba utumiza ibicuruzwa muri kimwe mubyambu bikuru byubushinwa muri Los Angeles cyangwa Long Beach, urareba hafi ibyumweru bibiri kumazi. Ariko, ntutegereze ko ibicuruzwa byawe bizaba mumaboko yawe muminsi 14.
Imizigo mpuzamahanga iragoye, cyane cyane iyo uhisemo uburyo butandukanye bwo kohereza.
Iyi mibare mpuzamahanga yo kohereza ibicuruzwa bitwara igihe itanga igihe cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa biva mu gihugu bivanze, ikirere, hamwe n’imizigo yo mu nyanja, kugira ngo bitange igereranyo cyuzuye cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa.
Igihe cyagereranijwe cyo gutanga ni icyerekezo gusa kandi gishobora gutandukana nigihe cyo gutanga. Nyamuneka fata icyemezo ukurikije imiterere nyayo.
9. Urashobora kwemerera gutumiza mu mahanga?
Ni ngombwa kwemeza ko ushobora kubona amafaranga yo gutumiza mu mahanga. Gutumiza mu mahanga ni amafaranga menshi kubera impamvu ebyiri. Iya mbere ni uko ukurikije ibicuruzwa byinshi byoherezwa cyangwa ubwikorezi, birahenze cyane gushyira ibicuruzwa bike binini kuruta ibicuruzwa bito - bityo ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga akenshi ni binini, bityo bikaba bihenze.
Impamvu ya kabiri nuko gutumiza umubano hejuru shoramari rikora. Umuntu ugura azagusaba kwishyura mbere, cyangwa agusaba ibaruwa yinguzanyo cyangwa izindi ngwate zo kwishyura muri banki yawe. Ibi bivuze ko udashobora kubona amafaranga cyangwa kuyakoresha kugirango ukore ubucuruzi bwawe mugihe kiri hagati yo gushyira ibicuruzwa no kubyishyura, bishobora gukwirakwira mumezi menshi kubitumiza bimwe.
Koresha amafaranga ateganijwe kugirango umenye neza ko ushobora kubona ubushobozi bwo gukora ubucuruzi bwawe neza mugihe ufite amafaranga ahujwe no gutumiza ibicuruzwa hanze. Vugana numucungamari wawe, umuyobozi wa banki, cyangwa umujyanama wimari kugirango ugenzure kabiri utigeze wirengagiza ikintu cyingenzi.
10. Ingaruka zo gutumiza mu mahanga
Hariho ingaruka nyinshi zijyanye no gutumiza mu mahanga kuruta kugura aho, kandi ugomba kumenya ibi kugirango ubicunge neza. Ibi birimo impungenge zikurikira no gutanga:
Intera iri hagati yawe nuwaguhaye isoko irashobora kuba ingirakamaro. Ibi bivuze ko bigoye kuri wewe kugenzura, cyangwa gukemura ibibazo nko kugenzura ubuziranenge.
Intera yo kugemura irarenze, kandi igihe cyo gutanga ni kirekire, bigatuma ibicuruzwa bigaruka bigoye.
Kubera umwanya bifata kugirango utange, ushobora kurangirira mumwanya ugomba kwemerera ibicuruzwa bito, gusa kuberako udashobora gutanga ibicuruzwa byiza bisimburwa mugihe mugihe uwaguhaye ibicuruzwa akuretse.
Uzakenera kwitondera gushaka abaguzi bazwi kandi utange gusa amabwiriza kumagambo aguha ibicuruzwa bitagutangwa, kandi ushizemo ibihano byo gutinda bitinze cyangwa kubicuruzwa bitujuje ubuziranenge. Ihemba kandi kugira ubundi buryo bwo gutanga ibicuruzwa, ufite rero back-up niba ubikeneye.
11. Guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ivunjisha
Ihindagurika ry'ivunjisha ni izindi ngaruka zishobora guhura nazo nk'izitumizwa mu mahanga. Birashoboka ko ugura ibicuruzwa byaguzwe mumafaranga yamahanga, bivuze ko ihindagurika ryivunjisha rishobora kugira ingaruka kumafaranga wanyuma uzarangiza kwishyura mumadolari ya Amerika.
Utanga ibicuruzwa bihendutse ntabwo byanze bikunze atanga isoko nziza yo guhangana nibitumizwa hanze. Ni ngombwa cyane kubona isoko ryiza. Urashaka kubona utanga isoko uzi neza:
ntizacika ijoro ryose hamwe namafaranga yawe
Bizatanga ku gihe
izatanga ibicuruzwa wasobanuye kandi kurwego rwubuziranenge buteganijwe
izakomeza kukumenyesha niba hari ibibazo cyangwa gutinda
Saba kubona urutonde rwabakiriya ushobora kuba utanga isoko hanyuma ubaze kugirango ubone ibisobanuro. Kora igenzura ry'inguzanyo muri sosiyete, kandi niba ubishoboye, koresha amafaranga kumubiri
kubasura no kugenzura ibibanza byabo, ibihingwa, nubwiza bwibisohoka. Niba udashoboye gutegura gusura urubuga, byibuze ushimangire kuburugero mbere yo gutanga ibyo watumije.
12. Gukorana nabatanga ibicuruzwa hanze
Gukorana nabatanga ibicuruzwa mumahanga akenshi bikubiyemo umurongo wo kwiga cyane. Urashobora kuba ukorana nabantu batavuga ururimi rumwe nawe, kandi umuco nindangagaciro bitandukanye nurwawe. Ubushobozi bwo kutumva no gutumanaho nabi burarenze cyane iyo ukorana nabatanga isoko ryaho.
13. Amagambo yubucuruzi
Mbere yo gushyira umukono ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, uzakenera gusobanukirwa n’amagambo y’ubucuruzi akoreshwa n’abatumiza mu mahanga n’abohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, kandi ugomba kumenya neza ko impande zombi zumva kimwe aya magambo.
Kugera kumagambo hamwe na EX (ex-works cyangwa ex-uruganda, ububiko, cyangwa guhinga), FAS (Free Sideside Ship), na FOB (Ubuntu kubuyobozi) ntabwo bigoye nkuko bigaragara mbere. Urugereko mpuzamahanga rw’ubucuruzi rwashyizeho amategeko asanzwe yo gusobanura amagambo y’ubucuruzi yitwa Incoterms.
Incoterms 2010 irakoreshwa, ariko integuro yavuguruwe, Incoterms 2020, biteganijwe ko izatangira gukurikizwa mu 2020. Ishami ry’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga rya banki yawe, umukozi wohereza ibicuruzwa cyangwa urugereko rw’ubucuruzi rwaho rugomba kugufasha muri ibi.
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